![]() ![]() ![]() Barbara Newmann breaks it down into four parts: (1) understanding the concept of gender, (2) learning gender role standards and stereotypes, (3) identifying with parents, and (4) forming gender preference. Martin and Ruble conceptualize this process of development as three stages: (1) as toddlers and pre-schoolers, children learn about defined characteristics, which are socialized aspects of gender (2) around the ages of five to seven years, identity is consolidated and becomes rigid (3) after this "peak of rigidity", fluidity returns and socially defined gender roles relax somewhat. After age three, it is extremely difficult to change gender identity. ![]() At this point, children can make firm statements about their gender and tend to choose activities and toys which are considered appropriate for their gender (such as dolls and painting for girls, and tools and rough-housing for boys), although they do not yet fully understand the implications of gender. It is widely agreed that core gender identity is firmly formed by age 3. John Money suggested children might have awareness of and attach some significance to gender as early as 18 months to 2 years Lawrence Kohlberg argued that gender identity does not form until age 3. There are several theories about how and when gender identity forms, and studying the subject is difficult because children's immature language acquisition requires researchers to make assumptions from indirect evidence. These positions are not mutually exclusive, as an innate gender identity can be expressed in different ways in different cultures. Individuals may make choices due to other factors in their lives, but there do not seem to be external forces that genuinely cause individuals to change gender identity." Įssentialists argue that gender identity is determined at birth by biological and genetic factors, while social constructivists argue that gender identity and the way it is expressed are socially constructed, instead determined by cultural and social influences. The Endocrine Society has stated "Considerable scientific evidence has emerged demonstrating a durable biological element underlying gender identity. The 2012 book Introduction to Behavioral Science in Medicine says that with exceptions, "Gender identity develops surprisingly rapidly in the early childhood years, and in the majority of instances appears to become at least partially irreversible by the age of 3 or 4". Some societies have third gender categories. Some people do not identify with some, or all, of the aspects of gender assigned to their biological sex some of those people are transgender, non-binary, or genderqueer. In most societies, there is a basic division between gender attributes assigned to males and females, a gender binary to which most people adhere and which includes expectations of masculinity and femininity in all aspects of sex and gender: biological sex, gender identity, and gender expression. Stoller in 1964 and popularized by psychologist John Money. The term gender identity was coined by psychiatry professor Robert J. While a person may express behaviors, attitudes, and appearances consistent with a particular gender role, such expression may not necessarily reflect their gender identity. Gender expression typically reflects a person's gender identity, but this is not always the case. In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and consistent with the individual's gender identity. Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it. Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own gender. ![]()
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